饮食业油烟净化技术与应用

近年来，饮食业油烟污染已成为城市大气污染的主要来源之一。比较分析了目前国内使用的几类油烟净化设备的性能及应用现状，提出不同规模的饮食业单位应选择的油烟净化技术。通过比较发现，静电油烟净化技术和静电复合式油烟净化技术是目前国内油烟净化技术的主流，并提出等离子体技术、催化燃烧技术是今后油烟净化的发展趋势。     

激光散射法和便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法直读监测油烟排放

餐饮业油烟排放具有排放浓度不稳定、波动较大、排放时间短等特性，存在瞬时排放高值现象，油烟"看得见"和"闻得着"的问题依然存在，因此对油烟实现快速、及时、直读监测尤为必要。基于一种浓度可控且稳定的油烟产生技术，对直读激光散射法与经典手工称重法测定油烟颗粒物浓度值的数据线性关系进行了分析，发现2种方法数值的相关系数达0.99，通过直读修正激光散射法可以有效地测定油烟颗粒物浓度，并测定了不同水汽含量下油烟颗粒物排放情况，发现当相对湿度超过70%时，油烟颗粒物浓度测定值会发生突变。使用便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法（FID）和光离子化检测器法（PID）测定了不同油温下油烟中非甲烷总烃（NMHC）浓度，发现FID对油烟中NMHC的变化反应及时，能够较好地测定油烟中挥发性有机物的排放量。     

Family structure influences mate choice in white-fronted bee-eaters

White-fronted bee-eaters live in patrilocal, extended family groups in which several pairs may breed simultaneously and in which helping behavior by nonbreeders is common. The composition of a male's family, and his social position within it, are major predictors of his expected reproductive success. For females, the dispersing sex, a decision to pair necessitates forfeiting any potential fitness benefits available through helping in her family, in favor of the potential benefits of breeding in the male's family. Using a set of equations that incorporate the social and non-social predictors of nesting success, we develop a payoff matrix for the expected fitness (current and future) of pairing with different categories of males. Predictions generated from this payoff matrix were supported by data: (1) Females that could help close kin (and thus garner large indirect benefits) tended to remain unpaired. (2) Males with social characteristics associated with low expected reproductive success were more often rejected as potential mates by females. (3) High-quality males, those with potential helpers of their own, were nearly always paired. Simulation analyses were used to investigate female pairing decisions in more detail, and to test various hypotheses about possible decision rules. We demonstrate that pairing females incorporate an assessment of the family structure of potential partners into their mate choice decisions. Such social characters represent an aspect of female choice that has been underappreciated. We suggest that social characters will prove to be important components of mate choice decisions in many species where kinship and dominance considerations influence the likelihood, or success, of breeding.     

饮食业油烟净化设备技术性能的探讨

按照HJ/T62-2001的要求，通过没来回净化设备实验室检测系统，比较了国内4种饮食业油烟净化设备的去除效率，本体阻力等技术性能指标，并结合用户调查，对目前国内饮食业油烟治理技术的特点及局限性作了初步的探讨，结果表明，复合式净化设备油烟的去除效率较高，静电式净化设备的本体阻力较小，而湿式净化设备的维护较为简便。     

餐饮业烟道油垢燃烧特性及动力学模型

利用热重分析仪研究了餐饮业油烟道油垢在不同升温速率下的燃烧特性.所采用的升温速率分别为5℃/min、15℃/min和25℃/min.吹扫气体为干空气,流量为20 mL/min.结果表明,试样从常温至800℃的升温燃烧经历了第1步水分析出、第2～5步燃烧失重过程.采用Doyle和Coats-Redfern方法建立了"4阶段1级反应动力学模型",计算燃烧反应的动力学参数.并用试验热重曲线验证了模型的可靠性.研究表明,油垢燃烧失重的4个主要过程均可用简单反应动力学模型进行简化,反应级数为1;燃烧总趋势是随升温速率提高,活化能增大.     

旋幕式排风罩收集电焊烟尘的数值模拟

为解决电焊烟尘气流无组织排放对焊工健康和环境造成的严重影响,得出旋幕式排风罩的最佳设计参数及气流组织形式,选择GAMBIT软件建立排风罩的物理模型并进行网格划分,选用雷诺平均N-S方程(RANS)、Realizableκ-ε湍流模型及DPM离散相模型,利用Fluent计算流体力学软件对旋幕式排风罩捕集效率的相关参数进行模拟计算。结果表明:旋幕式排风罩能有效控制电焊烟尘气流的扩散;喷口角度对涡流产生的大小、位置和强度影响最大;最佳设计参数为有效吸程1. 5 m,喷口角度80°,喷口宽度14 mm;在该设计参数条件下,当罩面吸口风速为0. 3 m/s、喷口风速为1. 1m/s时,捕集效率达到最高,为98. 28%。     

国Ⅴ公交车燃用生物柴油的颗粒物碳质组分排放特性

以一辆国Ⅴ柴油公交车为研究对象,在重型底盘测功机上运行中国典型城市公交循环,研究了纯柴油（D100）,体积混合比例分别为5%,10%和20%餐厨废弃油脂制生物柴油-柴油混合燃料（即B5,B10,B20）的颗粒物（PM）碳质组分排放特性.结果表明：国Ⅴ柴油公交车尾气颗粒物碳质组分包括有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）,OC占73%~82%,OC的主要组分是OC2和OC3,生物柴油对车辆尾气颗粒物OC组成比例没有影响;随着生物柴油混合比例的增加,公交车尾气颗粒物OC和OC+EC排放呈降低的趋势,EC排放增加,且B10的OC排放较高;PM_0.05~0.1,PM_0.1~0.5,PM_0.5~2.5,PM_2.5~18 4个粒径段颗粒物中,PM_0.1~0.5的OC和EC排放最高,PM_2.5~18的EC排放几乎为零,生物柴油可改善公交车尾气超细颗粒（PM_0.05~0.1）的OC排放,对公交尾气颗粒物EC排放基本没有影响;公交使用生物柴油混合燃料尾气颗粒物OC/EC减小,且PM_0.05~0.1和PM_0.5~2.5OC/EC降低幅度明显,对大气二次气溶胶的影响减弱.     

Air pollutant emissions from the asphalt industry in Beijing, China

Improving our understanding of air pollutant emissions from the asphalt industry is critical for the development and implementation of pollution control policies. In this study, the spatial distribution of potential maximum emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the complete life cycle of asphalt mixtures, as well as the particulate matter (PM), asphalt fume, nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), VOCs, and benzoapyrene (BaP) emissions from typical processes (e.g., asphalt and concrete mixing stations, asphalt heating boilers, and asphalt storage tanks) in asphalt mixing plants, were determined in Beijing in 2017. The results indicated that the potential maximum emissions of VOCs in the complete life cycle of asphalt mixtures were 18,001 ton, with a large contribution from the districts of Daxing, Changping, and Tongzhou. The total emissions of PM, asphalt fume, NMHC, VOCs, and BaP from asphalt mixing plants were 3.1, 12.6, 3.1, 23.5, and 1.9 × 10^?3 ton, respectively. The emissions of PM from asphalt and concrete mixing stations contributed the most to the total emissions. The asphalt storage tank was the dominant emission source of VOCs, accounting for 96.1% of the total VOCs emissions in asphalt mixing plants, followed by asphalt heating boilers. The districts of Daxing, Changping, and Shunyi were the dominant regions for the emissions of PM, asphalt fume, NMHC, and BaP, while the districts of Shunyi, Tongzhou, and Changping contributed the most emissions of VOCs.     

煤气发生炉在工业炉窑烟气治理中的应用

文章介绍了煤气发生炉在工业炉窑烟气治理中的应用，从减少环境污染和节能降耗两个方面客观实际地分析了不同的煤气发生炉在各种窑炉应用中的特点，对典型性和普遍性的内容予以概括，希望起到抛砖引玉的作用，以利用工业炉窑烟气治理工程的开展。     

焊接车间烟尘治理系统探讨

众多中小加工企业生产车间在焊接作业过程中会产生大量焊接烟尘等有毒物质,对焊接工人的身体健康造成严重危害,由此产生的电焊工尘肺职业病呈多发趋势,同时焊接烟尘还会影响厂区周边的大气环境。根据整个焊接车间中焊接设备加工情况及通风状况的分析及现场实际应用,研究设计出适合该场合的烟尘治理系统。